Newspaper Page Text
The Farmers’ Index.
All letters Intended (or the Editor es this De
portment should be addressed, “Fabukm' Index,
Drawer 24, Atlanta, Oa "
THE EFFECT OF EMANCIPATION
ON COTTON PRODUCTION.
In the last week’s Index we alluded
briefly to the unfair comparison of the
results of slave and free labor in the pro
duction of cotton that has been going the
rounds of the press. We did not then
have at hand tne statistics of the cotton
crops of the South; but we now present
the annual production for the last fifty
years—from the most reliable sources:
Years Bales Year Ba'es
1830 977,000 18563,528,000
18311,039,000 18572,939,000
1832 987,000 1858.8 114,000
18331,070,000 18593,851,000
18341,205,000 18604,670,000
18351,254,000 186h3,656,000
18361,361,000 18624,800,000
18371,423,000 18631,500,000
18381,801,000 1864 500,000
18391,361,0(X> 1865 300,000
1840 2,178,000 1866 2,151,000
18411,635,000 18671,952,000
1842. 1,684,000 1868 2.431,000
1843 2,379,000 18692,261,000
18442,030,000 1870 3,115,000
18452,395,000 18714,347,000
18462,101,000 18722,974,000
18471,779,000 18733,931,000
18481,348,000 18744,170,000
1849 2,729,000 18753,828.000
1850 2,097,000 18764,633,000
18512,355,000 18774 474,000
1852 3,015,000 18784,774,000
1853.^3,263,000 18795,074 000
18542,930,000 18805,761,000
1855 2,847,000 1
If we compare the yield by periods of
ten yeans, commencing with 1831, we
find that for the period ending with 1840
the average number of bales produced
annually was 1,368,000 bales; for the per
iod ending with 1850, the average was
2,018,000 bales -an increase of 47 per
cent, for the ten years. For the period
ending with 1860, the average annual
crop was 3,251,000 bales—an increase
over the preceding period of 61 per cent,
or 5.8 per cent, per annum. During the
next period the war intervened and the
production fell off (after 1862) very rapid
ly, the average for the ten years reach
ing only 2,266,000 bales—a decrease of 30
per cent. The following period of ten
years, closing with 1880, witnessed the
increase which has been considered so
astonishing a proof of the superior pro
ductiveness of free labor, the increasebeing
94 per cent, over the average of the pre
ceding period. It will at once be observed
that the comparison is made with the
war period, and is therefore altogether
unfair and delusive. When compared,
one year with another in the same per
iod, we see that there has been nothing
astonishing in the increase. The crop of
1871 was 4,347,000 bales, a more remark
able yield under the circumstances than
that of 1880. In fact the yield of this
first year of the period was greater than
the average for the ten years, and was
not exceeded until 1876.
Besides,this last period witnessed also an
enormous increase in the use of commer
cial fertilizers which had the effect not
only of greatly increasing the yield in
the original cotton belt, but also of ex
tending the area of profitable cotton pro
duction thirty to fifty miles farthei
North.
A large part of this apparent increase
is also due to the natural and ordinary
causes which were in operation before
the war—increase of population and ex
tension of area westward. But, not to
be tedious, we will suppose that war had
not occured, and only the ordinary causes
above mentioned nad continued to oper
ate. Upon the basis of the increased
average crop for the period ending in
1860, over the annual average of the pre
ceding ten years, the average for the per
iod just ended would have been 8.426,917
bales and the crop of 1880 would have
been not less, probably, than 10,000,000
bales! If we add to this amount only
ten per cent, for the effect of the use of
commercial fertilizers in increasing the
yield directly and in extening the area
northward, we have eleven million bales as
the crop of 1880!
It is worthy of further remark that
during the period ending in 1830, the
raising of home supplies ol provisions was
the rule. C >mparatively small amounts
of bacon and corn, particularly the latter,
were purchased from abroad by farmers,
at least in the older cotton States. But
since the war, as every one knows, the
cotton States have more than ever relied
on Western corn and baeon. This cir
cumstance will account for a considerable
portion of the apparent increase in cot
ton production.
A small volume might be written on
the subject; but if the statistics and other
facts connected with cotton production
ce fairly stated, we think that the con
clusion will be inevitable that the en
forced change in our system of labor has
been very far from favorable. What may
result in' the future we cannot foresee.
We are hopeful of better days, to come
when improved methods, greater econ
omy and more intelligent application of
labor will prevail, and when education
shall be generally diffused throughout
the masses —white and black. We will
not be indebted for our prosperity to
any superiority of the present generation
of negroes in the South as laborers, over
the slaves of 1860.
BIG PREMIUMS FOR COTTON.
The Execution Committee of the In
ternational Cotton Exposition which will
be held in Atlanta next October, are
hard at work laying plans to insure the
success of the enterprise.
Among other features of interest, a
field of fifteen acres lying near the fair
ground, has been securea for the purpose
of exhibiting every stage of the growth
of all known verities of foreign and dom
estic cotton. The greater portion of this
field will be accurately subdivided into
plats of one half acre each for the use of
for the premiums which
have been offered by the Committee.
The first premium—s7oo—will be given
for the greatest per cent, profit on the
total investment in land, labor, seeds
and fertilizers. The second premium—
s6oo—for the greatest net profit on one
half acre. The third—s3oo -for the great
est percentage of increase over the un
fertilized soil. The fourth—s2oo—for
the greatest absolute increase over the
natural soil; and the fifth premium—
s2oo—for the greatest absolute yield of
lint on one half acre.
The superintendent of this department
will have entire charge of the prepara-
THE CHRISTIAN INDEX AND SOUTH-WESTERN BAPTIST: THURSDAY, MARCH 24, 1881.
tion, planting and cultivation of three
rows running through the centre of each
plat, which are to be prepared, planted
and cultivated exactly alike, and without
manure, in order to arrive at the nat
ural production of each plat.
After the crops on the several plats
are layed by, the superintendent takes
charge of them; gathers, weighs and gins
the respective crops.
This is a most valuable feature of the
exposition, and the very large premiums
offered, will stimulate, and justify the
best efforts of some or our fancy and
practical farmers who have theories of
their own, and the results cannot fail to
be instructive and valuable. It is the
first time an experiment of this kind,
where contiguous plats are provided, an
impartial superintendent set over all to
secure fairness, and attractive premiums
offered. An exact record in the form of
a diary and aooount current will be kept
of every detail of culture, the rainfall,
temperature, etc.,
Defective Cotton Seed.—ln view of
the ceptionally wet fall and winter,
through which we have just passed, it is
well for farmers to assure themselves of
the vitality of the seed intended for plan
ting next month. There is no test that
is absolutely reliable., except actual
sprouting, and germination. To apply
this test, sow a given number of seed in
a box of well prepared light soil and
place it in a warm situation, exposed to
the sun. If the weather is cold, put the
box in a room near a sunny window. In
a few days the seed will come up—if
good, and their goodness may be judged
of by the number of healthy, vigorous
plants that come up. Under favorable
circumstances if the seed are good not
less than eighty per cent of them will
produce healthy plants.
It is a good plan to test the vitality of
most of the seeds planted on the farm,
or in the garden, but especially cotton
seeds.
TOPRESERVE A STAND OF CORN.
In the first place, plenty of carefully se
lected seed should be ready in advance
of planting time. The best preventive
of birds and moles is to cover each grain
with a thin coat of wood or coal tar, by
covering a bushel of corn with boiling
water and then stirring in rapidly a half
pint of tar, pouring off the water and then
stirring in dry ashes or plaster. The
corn should be first soaked for twenty
four hours in cold water so that sufficient
moisture will be absorbed to sustain ger
mination; otherwise the coating of tar
will prevent sprouting. Soaking the
seed m a solution of chloride of lime will
also prevent moles from destroying the
seed. •
We have little faith in any prepara
tion of the seed to prevent bill-hugs.
They attack the young plant after it
comes up, and it is doubtful if any ma
nipulation of the seed will render the
plants offensive to the fly that lays the
egg. Much can be gained by observing
the particular time at which they usu
ally make their attack, and deferring
planting until after that period. The
com should also be manured in the hill
in order to encourage a vigorous, early
growth. Some farmers have found that
the bug may be prevented or destroyed
by drawing the earth from the plants
soon after they are up, and thus expo
sing the lower parts of the stems to the
full influence of the air and sun.
After the plants are up, the best pre
ventive against birds is to feed them, by
scattering thinly over the field, shattered
corn. A bushel will go over thirty or
forty acres, and the birds will hunt for it,
and rarely pull up a stalk as long as they
can find a grain on the surface. We
don’t like the idea of poisoning the birds.
True it is, the guilty only, will suffer;
but the comparitively small offense
(which may bs otherwise prevented) is
atoned for by a whole seasons labor in
our behalf, in destroying noxious ihsects.
Manuring Corn.—We believe that ap
plications of manure or fertilizers to corn
during the early stages of growth is deci
dedly beneficial, and better than to ap
ply it all at once at planting time. But
a part at least, at planting time ie of
the utmost importance, and should nev
er be withheld; especially when the soil
is poor. It is all very pretty theorizing
to talk of dwarfing the stalk by withhold
ing manure, and by cutting and mang
ling the roots, and then encourage the
development of the ears by liberal ma
nuring at, or just before earing time.
Fine, large ears, and a good yield are
sometimes secured from stalks that have
been dwarfed by unfavorable circum
stances occurring during the period of
growth, but it appears to us such results
were in epite of small stalks, and not be
cause of them. We are firm in the opin
ion that no present injury to the crops
can work future good results—except as
a mere accident—not to be relied on as
establishing a general rule.
The advocates of late manuring, say
that the manure applied at planting is
all taken up and exhausted before ear
ing time, forgetting that what goes into
the ear must first go into the stalk and
leaves, where it is elaborated—prepared
for the ear. We have observed that
corn that comes up healthy, and grows
off vigorously without interruption, al
most uniformly makes the beat yield.
Wide Cottos Rows.—A farmer in
Gwinnett county writes to the Constitu
tion that he finds, by repeated trials, that
cotton will make as much to the acre
when planted in four feet rows as when
in three feet only. He then proceeds to
show that a field of one hundred acres
planted in four feet rows can be cultiva
ted with no more labor than is required
for a field of seventy-five acres in three
feet rows. The conclusion is inevitable
that on his land, three feet is too cloae
for cotton; but it does not follow that the
same applies to all lands and circum
stances. It is a question to be deter
mined by a series of experiments. On
thin land without fertilizers, we have
little doubt that four feet is too wide for
cotton rows. “One swallow does not
make a summer," and one experiment,
or a number of experiments on the same
land does not prove a general rule. The
preparation of the land is the same in
both cases when the area is the same,
the principal saving of labor being in the
hoeing of the crop when the rows are
wide.
Rust in Wheat.--In a report to the
Council of the Acclimatization Society
of Queensland, Dr. Bancroft states that
he arranged sowings of wheat in various
ways, to determine how the rust germs
entered the plant. To find out whether
they were taken up by the roots from
the soil, he made sowings in soil which
had been heated to redness—“yet even
here the plants became rusty at the same
time as those sown otherwise.” The
"smut” germs appear to enter th o plant
in that way—they being adherent to the
seed planted, and passing from it to the
roots which spring from it. Rust germs
could do the same thing, even in soils
which had been heated to redness pre
vious to the seed being planted In it—
but the very close connection between
the weather and development of rust,
would lead to the suspicion that rust
germs exist in the atmosphere, and enter
the plant above ground, through the
leaves and stalk.
The Scientific American advances the
following important information to those
who desire to get rid of stumps upon
their farm: “In the autjimn or early
winter bore a hole one or two inches in
diameter, according to the girth of the
stump, and about eighteen inches deep.
Put into it one or two ounces of salpetre,
fill the hole with water and plug it close.
In the ensuing spring take out the plug
and pour in about a gill of kerosene oil
and ignite it. The stump will smoulder
away, without blazing, to the very ex
tremity of the roots, leaving nothing but
the ashes.”
SUCCESS IN BUSINESS—THE CAREER OF
A NEW JERSEY ORGAN-BUILDER.
Success in business is undoubtedly the re
sult of intelligence, pluck and enterprise.
It is said that the Hon. Daniel F. Beatty, of
Washington, N. J., began business in 1869
without one dollar. Since that time he has
built up an enormous piano and organ trade
all over the civilized world by his remarka
ble pluck and enterprise. His attention was
early turned to music, and in this way he
became interested in the sale, and finally in
the manufacture, of musical instruments at
Washington, N. J., which bear his name,
His first operations were on a small scale,
but his active and progressive mind saw
wide fields open to energy and enterprise.
He has never wavered or faltered in this pro
ject. By his shrewd, skillful, and persistent
newspaper advertising he has attracted
wide attention everywhere, so that at the
present his instruments are in use in all
parts of the civilized world. He believes in
the free use of printer's ink, and it has paid
him a thousand-fold.
Mr. Beatty is the man who first conceived
the idea of reducing the pr.ces of pianos and
organs. Ke knew the agents were making
entirely too much profit on them, the same
as was being done on sewing machines. He
at once began to expose the deception prac
ticed by leading manufacturers, who asked
$450 for an organ that could be sold for SBS,
and still leave a fair profit, or SI,OOO for a
piano that $297 is sufficient for. Then the
war began. He was ridiculed and misrep
resented in a shameful manner by the mo
nopolists, whose large profits were in dan
ger. No stone was left unturned to defeat
and ruin him. Circulars were printed and
sent out and circulated by their agents. Ar
ticles were published in music trade jour
nals, and many other dirty tricks were re -
sorted to. But, by the course of right and
justice, Mayor Beatty has succeeded in redu
cing the prices of pianos and organs, so that
he is said to be by far the most successful
man that has ever engaged in the music bus
iness.
But amid the rush and hurry of a vast
business, Mr. Beatty never forgets the duties
of a man and a citizen. He has twice been
elected mayor of Washington without his
own seeking, which office he now holds.
His fellow citizens chose him. He conduc
ted no campaign whatever, and was not
even at home on election day. His gener
ous donation of orders upon the largest local
stores to supply flour to the needy during
the past winter, and his liberal contributions
to the various religious organizations, with
out regard to denominations, are indicative
of but a few of the many incidents that a’e
transpiring, and which have made him ex
ceedingly popular among his fellow-citizens.
Men who have won for themselves honor
able distinction in their particular avocas
tions in life, and which we denominate as
the successful self-made men of the day, are
apt to possess all the qualifications necessary
for the high positions of public trust, and
form the nucleus from which the Nation
draws its best supporters. Mayor Beatty's
career thus far has neen marked by untiring
perseverance, indomitable will, acute per
ception, and good, sound, common sense.
It.
The Poweb of th« Press.—ln no way is
the power of the press more surely shown
than in the universal knowledge that has, in
less than a year, been diffused throughout
fifty millions of people of the wonderful
curative properties of that splendid remedy,
Kidney-Wort. And the people from the
Atlantic to the Pacific have shown their in
telligence and their knowledge of what is in
the papers, by already making Kidney-Wort
their household remedy for all diseases of
the kidneys liver and bowels.—Herald.
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The leading Scientists of to-day agree that most
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This Remedy, which has done such wonders,
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ADVERTISEMENTS.
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NORTH GEORGIANS AND OTHERS.
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THE CELEBRATED
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The Beacon Light is an unusually attractive
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Fantatac Cbolrs and Societies will do well to
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The Emerson Method for Reed Organ.
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Any book mailed, post-free, for retail price.
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Took Premiums at North Georgia Fair, 150 in
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In use twenty years. The most safe, simple, eco
nomical and efficient medicine known. Dr. Hum
fihreys’ Book on Disease and its Cure (144 pp.)also
llustrated Catalogue sent free.
Humphreys’ Homeopathic Medicine Co.,
109 Fulton Street, New York.
novlß.tf
New and Powerful Cotton Press.
Make money by writing to rufus p.
DAVIS, of Monroe, N. C., tor a description of
his Cotton Press, lately patented. Warranted to
pack 800 pounds into the size of an ordinary bale.
Cotton thus packed is shipped tor nearly half the
freight, and enables merchants to give much more
for it The Press is very simple and durable, and
will pay for itself in difference of the price of cot
ton packed by it over all other presses in
packing fifty bales. nov2s 8m
tom to to H toUto Mto be. per bushel
KT* JY a B aZT hm «» Co,n and
O Iff F" I B dOc.oix Wheat
■■ W ■■ ■■ can positively be
saved. For Illustrated Pamphlet, giving full par
ticulars, address The Thomas narrow Co,Geneva,N.Y.
febl7-tf
WANTED.
LECTURERS and ORGANIZERS for the Sons
of Temperance, in every Province, State and
Territory. Only efficient workers, who can come
well recommended need apply. For particulars,
address H. 8. McOOLLUM,
Most Worthy Scribe,
febl7-7t St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
/*\BUCKEYE BELL FOUNDRY
1 Bella of Pure Copper and Tin for Chvrchea.
Fire Alarms, Farms, etc. FULL!
WARRANTER). Catalogue sent Free.
VANDUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, a
apl 1
$5 tO S2O
sox ACo PortMd, Maine. myS7Jy
RAILROADS.
ENGSTROM'S RAZORS,
- BOSTON. MASS.
THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
These RAZORS are esteemed In Europe as the
be«t cutters made In the WORLD. The testimony
that comes to ns In regard to them Is that “in cut
ting quality there does not exist any Raaora
at au thirt can stand a eomparlaoa with
those made by JOHAN KNGSTROM.”
Extreme care u used In their manufacture.
They are mede of the BKBT STEEL ATTAINABLE,
every blade being hardened and tempered by MR.
KNGSTROM himself by a secret chemical process
which renders It Impossible tor any Itaxor not to ba
of the Beet Cutting Quality.
They will be found to shave any beards growing
on the human face.
The experience of the thousands In the United
States who have used tlieee ENGSTROM’S
RAZORS during the put three year, fully verities
the excellence claimed for them above.
_N. It.—The high reputation won by these rasors made be
ENOSTBOM in SWEDBXhasimhwed sone Abw'uX
motor, la imitate the form and stamfi on the faee of IheX
blades the words •* Swedish Rasors.” To dutuigwsh the
gmvine, see that thev are stamped on the shank of de rawr.
JOHAN ENQSTJKOM.
FOR SALE BY DEALERS IN CUTLERY.
Mailed to any address on receipt of the prlca.
which is for blaek handle medium and small else.
*700; wide blade, 42 56; ivory, 13.00; extra ivory,
$3.50 each.
Every RAZOR Is tally WARRANTED by
BRADFORD & ANTHONY,
Sole Agents for Engstrom’s Swedish SaiOH,
874 Washington St., Boston, Mass.
Importers, Manufacturers’ Agents and Dealers la
American and Foreign
CUTLERY,
dec# eowSro
Every Baptist Church
Should be supplied with
THE SOCIAL MEETING
.Edition of
The Service ofSong.
This Book has been prepared especially for
Prayer-meeting and Social-meeting use.
IT IS A MARVEL OF CHEAPNESS AND
BEAUTY.
It contains just such a selection of hymns and
tunes as are wanted in social-meetings.
It is elegantly and strongly bound.
The type is larger than any other.
It will be supplied for first introduction at 5*
cents per copy. If 100 copies are ordered; and at
56 cents ter copy for less than 100.
Sample copies sent by mall, for examination,
on receipt of 25 cents.
This book, with
THE COMPLETE EDITION
or
SERVICE OF SONG,
Containing about 1,200 of the most popular
hymgs and tunes, and elegantly and strongly
bound in half leather, and
THE CENTENNIAL EDITION
or
SERVICE OF SONG,
With about 700 of the most charming hymns and
tunes, bound in half leather, and designed for
smaller churches, and also for such churches as
prefer a small book, MAKES THIS BY FAR THE
MOST PERFECT AND COMPLETE SERIES OF
HYMN AND TUNE BOOKS EVER PUBLISHED
FOR BAPTIST CHURCHES.
Ssnd for complete circulars. Address
SHELDON & COMPANY,
dec9-eow6t 8 Murray St., NEW YORK.
lof FREE BY MAH..
1 12 Roses of the best named sorts. SLOP EMM
112 Geraniums, best new sorts, ■ 1 -OOKyEKI
1 16 Tube Roses, ... t.OOEJ£CfI
1 16 Gladlolas. all flowering bulbs, -1 .OOQITi
■ 8 Os each of the above two, - * IWKSfI
I I Palms, nice plants, all different, 1 .OOLRusJm
112 Begonias,all different, ■ - I.OOMSUM
112 New Fancy Coleus, all different, 1 ,OOK|K«
1 20 Basket Plants • .• . l OOBUU
1 20 Carnations, 6 sorts, - -> - EOOBIM
I Kate Arrival Uuarautrrd. «of
I Above collection* for SCv.OU ; all real bzHSfl
I_a au>ll free. Head for catalogue.
feb24 eowSi „
HOOK & HASTINGS
BOSTON, MASS,
Builders of the Grand Organ for the Cincinnati
Music Hall; the powerful Centennial Organ; the
great Organ in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, and
of over
1,000
CHURCH ORGANS
For every part of the country- We invite atten
tion to our new style of Parlor Organ (of pipes
only) at prices varying from $450 to SI,OOO, and
upwards.
MUSIC COMMITTEES, ORGANISTS, and
others are invited’to apply to us direct for alijnfor
mation connected with our art. Descriptive circu
lars and specifications furnished on application.
Second-hand Organs in great variety for sale at
bargains to purchasers.feblo-eow26t
SILVER-PLATED WARE.
The finest finished triple-plated goods of the
leading manufactures at manufacturers* prices.
You can save twenty per cent, by purchasing
from us. Send for our Illustrated Catalogue.
J. P. STEVENS & CO.,
Wholesale and Retail Jewelers,
34 Whitehall St,, ATLANTA. GA.
•JR ESEA T your CHAIBB.
The Fibre Chair Seat,
, leather flulsh (brown,
1 green or maroon), may be
1 fastened to any chair with
B carpet tacks or brass head
B nails. Price, up io 16 in.
9 80c. 17 or 18 In. 42c. Sent
■ by maiLfitted, on receipt
“of paper pattern with
price and do. postage per
seat. Small sample for Be. stamp strong and
handsome.
HARWOOD CHAIR SEAT CO.,
febl7-tf 24 Washington St., Boston.
NONPAREIL
JT FARM & FEED MILLS
- The Cheapest and Best.
Will Crush and Grind Any thing.
Illustrated Catalogue FREE.
L J. MILLER, Ciwiuoti. 0-
Jy2o-eowßt
14-STOP ORGANS,
SUB BASS t o X r U
Pianos 8123 A upwards sent on trial. Catalogue
free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J,
je!7 eowly
Church, ttabool, Firo-alarm, Fine-ioaed,lo>v-prioed,ir*rra*fr»
< t/ataloguowlth 1500tMtfnwnlaU L priOM,«to.,M*3irrß«»
Rlymyer Manufacturing Co M OnmnnatioOL
Jy27-26t'
K J W., AaUmph aibum, Kb. Oanb luba,
Aa ataow*,X>>,
K A All Gold, Chromo 4 Llt’g Cards, (No two
OU Alike,) Name on, 10c. Clinton Bros.
Clintonville, Conn. octSSeowfifit.
ft a week. In your own town. Terms and $6
d>UV outfit free. Address H, Haiunr A Ocv,
Portland, Maine. may 24-ly.
7